长津湖之战
翻译自维基百科英文条目 The Battle of Chosin ReservoirBattle of Chosin Reservoir
长津湖之战
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Coordinates: 40°29′N 127°12′E
坐标：北纬40度29分 东经127度12分
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
长津湖之战
Part of the Korean War
朝鲜战争的一部分
Men advancing through the snow with a Tank
士兵们随一辆坦克在雪地上前进
A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir
一队美国第1海军陆战师士兵在长津湖突围时穿过中国军队防线
Date 27 November – 13 December 1950
日期：1950年11月27日至12月13日
Location Chosin Reservoir, in modern-day Changjin County, South Hamgyong Province, North Korea
地点：长津湖，位于现在的北朝鲜咸镜南道长今县境内
Result Chinese Pyrrhic victory[1][2]
UN forces escaped from Chinese encirclement
40% of Chinese combat forces in Korea were disabled until March 1951
UN withdrawal from Northeast Korea
结果：中国惨胜
联合国军逃出中国军队包围
40%的在朝中国作战部队失去作战能力直到1951年3月
联合国军撤离北朝鲜
Belligerents
United Nations
United States
South Korea
United Kingdom
China
交战方
联合国
美国
韩国
英国
中国
Commanders and leaders
Douglas MacArthur
Edward Almond
Oliver P. Smith
Mao Zedong
Peng Dehuai
Song Shi-Lun
指挥官和领导者
道格拉斯•麦克阿瑟
爱德华•阿尔蒙德
奥利佛•P•史密斯
毛泽东
彭德怀
宋时轮
Units involved
X Corps
United States 1st Marine Division
United States 3rd Infantry Division
United States 7th Infantry Division
United Kingdom 41 Commando Royal Marines
South Korea KATUSA and Police [3]
China 9th Army[a]
China 20th Corps
China 26th Corps
China 27th Corps
参战单位
第10军
第1海军陆战师
第3步兵师
第7步兵师
第41皇家海军陆战突击队
编入美军的韩国补充兵和警察
第9兵团
第20军
第26军
第27军
Strength
Nominal: 103,520[4]
Committed: ~30,000[5]
Nominal: 150,000[6]
Committed: ~67,000[7]
兵力
总计：103,520人
实际参战：约30,000人
总计：150,000人
实际参战：约67,000人
Casualties and losses
US sources:
1,029 killed
4,894 missing
4,582 wounded
7,338 non-battle casualties[8][b]
15 tank losses[9]
Chinese estimation:
13,900[10]
伤亡及失踪
美国资料
1,029人死亡
4,894人失踪
4,582人受伤
7,338人非战斗伤亡
15辆坦克丢失
中方估计
13,900人
Chinese sources:
19,202 battle casualties
28,954 non-battle casualties[10]
Unofficial estimations: ~60,000[11][c]
UN estimation:
29,800 battle casualties
20,000+ non-battle casualties[12]
中国资料
19,202人战斗伤亡
28,954人非战斗伤亡
非正式估计：约60,000人
UN方估计
29,800人战斗伤亡
20,000人以上非战斗伤亡
The Battle of Chosin Reservoir, also known as the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the Changjin Lake Campaign (Korean: 장진호 전투; Chinese: 长津湖战役; pinyin: Cháng Jīn Hú Zhànyì),[d] was a decisive battle in the Korean War. Shortly after the People's Republic of China entered the conflict, the People's Volunteer Army 9th Army[a] infiltrated the northeastern part of North Korea and surprised the US X Corps at the Chosin Reservoir area. A brutal 17 day battle in freezing weather soon followed. In the period between 27 November and 13 December 1950, 30,000[5] United Nations (UN) troops (nicknamed "The Chosin Few") under the command of Major General Edward Almond were encircled by approximately 67,000[7] Chinese troops under the command of Song Shi-Lun. Although Chinese troops managed to surround and outnumber the UN forces, the UN forces broke out of the encirclement while inflicting crippling losses on the Chinese. The evacuation of the X Corps from the port of Hungnam marked the complete withdrawal of UN troops from North Korea.
长津湖之战，也称为长津湖战役或长今湖战役(韩语: 장진호 전투; 中文: 长津湖之战; 汉语拼音: Cháng Jīn Hú Zhī Zhàn)，是朝鲜战争中一场决定性战斗。中华人民共和国介入冲突以后不久，中国人民志愿军第9兵团悄悄进入北朝鲜东北部，令长津湖地区的美国第10军十分意外。一场历时17天的残酷战斗在严寒气候条件下随即展开。在1950年11月27日到12月13日期间，爱德华•阿尔蒙德少将指挥的30,000联合国军部队（绰号长津精英）被宋时轮指挥的大约67,000中国士兵包围。虽然中国军队成功地包围了联合国军并占据数量优势，但联合国军突破了包围圈并重创中国军队。第10军从兴南港的撤离，标志着联合国军完全撤出了北朝鲜。
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Prelude
2.1 Location, terrain and weather
2.2 Forces and strategies
3 Battle
3.1 Actions at Yudam-ni
3.2 East of the reservoir
3.3 Actions at Hagaru-ri
3.4 Breakout
3.5 Evacuation at Hungnam
4 Aftermath
4.1 Operation Glory
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
内容
1 背景情况
2 序幕
2.1 位置，地形和天气
2.2 兵力和策略
3 战斗过程
3.1 柳潭里的战斗
3.2 长津湖东侧
3.3 下碣隅里的战斗
3.4 突围
3.5 兴南撤退
4 后续影响
4.1 光荣行动
5 参见条目
6 说明
7 参考资料
8 深入阅读
9 外部链接
1. Background
1. 背景
A map showing the Peninsula with US forces moving from the south to the north
美军由南向北行进的半岛地图
Map of UN advances toward the Yalu River.
联合国军向鸭绿江推进地图
By mid-1950 after the successful landing at Inchon by the US X Corps and the subsequent destruction of the Korean People's Army, the Korean War appeared to be all but over. United Nations (UN) forces advanced rapidly into North Korea with the intention of reuniting North and South Korea before the end of 1950. North Korea is divided through the center by the impassable Taebaek Mountains, which separated the UN forces into two groups. The US Eighth Army advanced north through the western coast of the Korean Peninsula, while the Republic of Korea (ROK) I Corps and the US X Corps advanced north on the eastern coast.
到1950年中期，在美国第10军成功地在仁川登陆，并随后击垮朝鲜人民军之后，朝鲜战争已经结束在望了。联合国军在快速推进进入北朝鲜，意图在1950年底重新统一南北朝鲜。无法逾越的太白山脉把北朝鲜从中间分开，也把联合国军分成两股。美国第8集团军沿着朝鲜半岛西海岸向北推进，大韩民国第1军与美国第10军沿东海岸向北推进。
At the same time the People's Republic of China entered the conflict after issuing several warnings to the United Nations. On 19 October 1950, large formations of Chinese troops, dubbed the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), secretly crossed the border and into North Korea. One of the first Chinese units to reach the Chosin Reservoir area was the PVA 42nd Corps, and it was tasked with stopping the eastern UN advances. On 25 October, the advancing ROK I Corps made contact with the Chinese and halted at Funchilin Pass, south of the Chosin Reservoir. After the landing at Wonsan, the US 1st Marine Division of the X Corps engaged the defending PVA 124th Division on 2 November, and the ensuing battle caused heavy casualties among the Chinese. On 6 November, the PVA 42nd Corps ordered a retreat to the north with the intention of luring the UN forces into the Chosin Reservoir. By 24 November, the 1st Marine Division occupied both Sinhung-ni[e] on the eastern side of the reservoir, and Yudami-ni on the west side of the reservoir.
与此同时，中华人民共和国在对联合国发出一系列警告之后介入冲突。1950年10月19日，大规模的中国军队以中国人民志愿军的名义秘密跨过边境进入北朝鲜。最早到达长津湖地区的中国军队之一是志愿军第42军，目标是阻止东线联军的推进。10月25日，正在推进的韩国第1军与中国军队遭遇，并在长津湖以南的黄草岭山口停下。元山登陆后，第10军的美国第1海军陆战师于11月2日遭遇志愿军第124师阻击，在后续战斗中给中国军队造成重大伤亡。11月6日，志愿军42军受命向北撤退，意图将联合国军诱至长津湖。到11月24日，第1陆战师分别占领了湖东面的新兴里和西面的柳潭里。
Faced with the sudden attacks by Chinese forces in the Eighth Army sector, General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Eighth Army to launch the Home-by-Christmas Offensive. To support the offensive, MacArthur ordered the X Corps to attack west from the Chosin Reservoir and to cut the vital Manpojin—Kanggye—Huichon supply line. As a response, Major General Edward M. Almond, commander of the US X Corps, formulated a plan on 21 November. It called for the US 1st Marine Division to advance west through Yudami-ni, while the US 7th Infantry Division would provide a regimental combat team to protect the right flank at Sinhung-ni. The US 3rd Infantry Division would also protect the left flank while providing security in the rear area. By then the X Corps was stretched thin along a 400 miles (640 km) front.
面对中国军队对第8集团军所部的突然袭击，道格拉斯•麦克阿瑟将军命令第8集团军发动“圣诞回家”攻势。为配合攻势，麦克阿瑟命令第10军从长津湖向西进攻，切断至关重要的满浦镇-江界-熙川补给线。作为回应，美国第10军指挥官爱德华•阿尔蒙德少将在11月21日制定了一个计划。该计划要求美国第1海军陆战师从柳潭里向西推进，美国第7步兵师派出一个团级战斗队在新兴里保护其右翼。美国第3步兵师在保障后方地区安全的同时也保护其左翼。这时第10军已被分散在长达400英里（640公里）的战线上了。
Surprised by the Marine landing at Wonsan, China's Chairman Mao Zedong called for the immediate destruction of the ROK Capital Division, ROK 3rd Infantry Division, US 1st Marine Division, and US 7th Infantry Division in a telegraph to Commander Song Shi-Lun of the PVA 9th Army on 31 October. Under Mao's urgent orders, the 9th Army was rushed into North Korea on 10 November. Undetected by UN intelligence, the 9th Army quietly entered the Chosin Reservoir area on 17 November, with the 20th Corps of the 9th Army relieving the 42nd Corps near Yudami-ni.
由于海军陆战队在元山突然登陆，中国的毛泽东主席10月31日致电第9兵团司令宋时轮，要求立即消灭韩国首都师、韩国第3步兵师，美国第1海军陆战师和美国第7步兵师。在毛的紧急命令下，第9兵团于11月10日紧急开进北朝鲜。在未被联合国情报机构发现的情况下，11月17日第9兵团悄悄进入长津湖地区，同时第9兵团第20军在柳潭里附近接替了第42军。
2. Prelude
2. 序幕
2.1 Location, terrain and weather
2.1 位置，地形和气候
Chosin Reservoir is a man-made lake located in the northeast of the Korean peninsula. The name Chosin is the Japanese pronunciation of the Korean place name Changjin, and the name stuck due to the outdated Japanese maps used by UN forces. The battle's main focus was around the 78 miles (126 km) long road that connects Hungnam and Chosin Reservoir, which served as the only retreat route for the UN forces. Through these roads, Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni, located at the west and east side of the reservoir respectively, are connected at Hagaru-ri. From there, the road passes through Koto-ri and eventually leads to the port of Hungnam. The area around the Chosin Reservoir was sparsely populated.
长津湖是个人工湖，位于朝鲜半岛东北部。Chosin（长津）这个名字是一个叫做长津的朝鲜地名的日语发音，使用这个名字是由于联合国军使用的是陈旧的日本地图。战斗的主要焦点在连接兴南和长津湖的78英里（126公里）长公路上，该公路也是联合国军唯一的撤退路线。通过这些公路，分别位于湖西、东两侧的柳潭里和新兴里经由下碣隅里连接起来。从那个地方开始，这条公路穿过古土里并最后通向兴南港。长津湖周围地区的人口也很稀少。
The battle was fought over some of the roughest terrain during some of the harshest winter weather conditions of the Korean War. The road was created by cutting through the hilly terrain of Korea, with steep climbs and drops. Dominant peaks, such as the Funchilin Pass and the Toktong Pass, overlook the entire length of the road. The road's quality was poor, and in some places it was reduced to a one lane gravel trail.On 14 November, a cold front from Siberia descended over the Chosin Reservoir, and the temperature plunged to as low as -35 °F (-37 °C). The cold weather was accompanied by frozen ground, creating considerable danger of frostbite casualties, icy roads, and weapon malfunctions. Medical supplies froze; morphine syrettes had to be defrosted in a medic's mouth before they could be injected; frozen blood plasma was useless on the battlefield. Even cutting off clothing to deal with a wound risked gangrene and frostbite. Batteries used for the Jeeps and radios did not function properly in the temperature and quickly ran down. The lubrication in the guns gelled and rendered them useless in battle. Likewise, the springs on the firing pins would not strike hard enough to fire the round, or would jam.
这场战斗在朝鲜战争期间最为严酷的冬季气候条件下，在最崎岖的地形下展开。这条公路是穿过朝鲜陡峭的山地地带开凿出来的。主要的山峰，如黄草岭山口和德洞山口，俯瞰着整条公路。道路质量很差，甚至在某些地方变成了一条单车道的碎石小道。11月14日，一股来自西伯利亚冷锋到达长津湖上空，温度骤降到华氏零下35度（摄氏零下37度）。伴随寒冷的天气而来的，是冰冻的大地，出现大量冻伤减员的危险，结冰的道路和武器的失效。医疗用品也被冻住了；吗啡注射器需要在医务兵的嘴里解冻后才能注射；冰冻过的血浆在战场上是无法使用的。甚至切开衣服处理伤口都有发生坏死和冻伤的危险。吉普车和电台使用的电池，在这种温度下不能正常工作并且很快耗光。润滑剂的凝固，使得枪炮在战斗中无法使用。同样，撞针弹簧也无力击发子弹，或者会卡壳。
2.2 Forces and strategies
2.2 兵力和策略
Further information: Battle of Chosin Reservoir order of battle
进一步信息：长津湖战役战斗序列
A map showing force emplacements around a lake
湖周围部队部署示意图
Map of the Battle of the Changjin (Chosin) Reservoir.
长津湖战役地图
Although the 1st Marine Division landed at Wonsan as part of Almond's US X Corps, Almond and Major General Oliver P. Smith of the 1st Marine Division shared a mutual loathing of each other that dated back to a meeting before the landing at Inchon,[38] during which Almond had spoken of how easy amphibious landings are even though he had never been involved in one.[39] Smith believed that there were large numbers of Chinese forces in North Korea despite the fact that higher headquarters in Tokyo had said otherwise,[39] while Almond felt Smith was overly cautious.[40] The mutual distrust between the two commanders made Smith slow the 1st Marine Division's advance towards the Chosin Reservoir against Almond's instructions.[41] Along the way Smith established supply points and airfields at Hagaru-ri and Koto-ri.[42]
尽管第1陆战师作为阿尔蒙德的美国第10军队一部分在元山登陆，阿尔蒙德和第1陆战师的奥利弗•P•史密斯少将之间却有着相互的反感，这要追溯到仁川登陆前的一次会议，在会上阿尔蒙德曾谈及两栖登陆是如何如何的容易尽管他从未参加过任何一次两栖登陆作战。尽管远在东京的上级指挥部有另一种说法，史密斯依然相信在北朝鲜已经存在大量的中国军队，这使得阿尔蒙德认为史密斯过于谨慎。两个指挥官之间相互的不信任使得史密斯不顾阿尔蒙德的指令，放慢了第1陆战师向长津湖的推进。沿着前进路线，史密斯在下碣隅里和古土里建立了补给点和机场。
While the US X Corps was pushing towards the reservoir, the Chinese formulated their strategy based on their experiences in the Chinese Civil War.[43] Working from the assumption that only a light UN presence would be at the reservoir, the 9th Army was to first destroy the UN garrisons at Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni, then push towards Hagaru-ri.[43] Believing that the bulk of the US X Corps would scramble to rescue the destroyed units, the 9th Army would then block and trap the main UN forces on the road between Hagaru-ri and Hungnam.[43] The 9th Army initially committed six divisions for the battle,[44] with most of the forces concentrated at Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni.[43]
在美国第10军向长津湖进军的时候，中国人根据其中国内战的经验制定了他们的策略。基于在长津湖只会有少量联合国军存在的假设，第9兵团准备首先摧毁在柳潭里和新兴里的联合国驻军，然后向下碣隅里推进。相信第10军主力部队会急于援救被摧毁的单位，第9兵团那时将在下碣隅里到兴南的公路上分割包围联合国军主力。第9兵团开始时将6个师投入战斗，大部分部队集中在柳潭里和新兴里。
The flaw in the Chinese plan was a lack of accurate intelligence on the UN forces.[45] Although the US X Corps was stretched thin over northeast Korea, the slow Marine advance allowed the bulk of the US 1st Marine Division, including the 5th, 7th and 11th Marines, to be concentrated at Yudami-ni.[46][47] Conversely, the strategically important Hagaru-ri, which contained an airfield and a supply dump,[48] was not a priority for the Chinese despite being lightly defended by the 1st and the 7th Marines.[49] Only the Regimental Combat Team 31, an understrength and hastily formed regimental combat team of the US 7th Infantry Division, was thinly spread along the eastern bank of the reservoir.[50] Those units would later take the brunt of the Chinese assaults. As for the UN strength, the 1st Marine Division had an effective strength of 25,473 men at the start of the battle,[51] and it was further reinforced by the British 41 Royal Marine Commando and the equivalent strength of two regiments from the 3rd and the 7th Infantry Divisions.[5] Thus the UN forces had an approximate strength of 30,000 during the course of the battle.[5] The UN forces at Chosin were also supported by one of the greatest concentrations of air power during the Korean War,[52] in which the 1st Marine Air Wing stationed at Yonpo Airfield and five aircraft carriers from the US Navy Task Force 77 were able to launch 230 sorties daily to provide close air support during the battle,[52] while the US Air Force Far East Combat Cargo Command in Japan reached the capacity of airdropping 250 tons of supplies per day to resupply the trapped UN forces.[53]
中国人计划的不足在于缺乏关于联合国军准确情报。虽然美国第10军的兵力分散在北朝鲜，但海军陆战队的缓慢推进使得美国第1海军陆战师的主力，包括第5、第7和第11陆战团，都集中在了柳潭里。相反，具有重要战略意义下碣隅里，那里包括一个机场和和一个补给仓库，尽管只有第1和第7陆战团的薄弱防守，却不是中国人的首要目标。只有第31团级战斗队，一个由美国第7步兵师匆忙组建的兵力不足的团级战斗队，薄弱地散布在长津湖东岸。那支部队后来遭到中国攻击行动的重大打击。至于联合国军的兵力，在战斗开始的时候第1陆战师的实际兵力为25,473人，并且后来得到英国第41皇家陆战突击队和来自第3、第7步兵师相当于两个团兵力的增援。这样，联合国军在整个战斗过程中就有了接近30,000人的兵力。在长津的联合国军还得到了朝鲜战争中最为密集的空中力量之一的支援，其中驻扎在连浦机场的第1陆战航空联队和美国海军第77特遣舰队的5艘航空母舰在作战期间能提供每天230架次的近距空中支援，同时在日本的美国空军远东作战物资运输指挥部达到了每天250吨物资的空投能力对被围联军部队进行再补给。
Although the 9th Army was one of China's elite formations composed of veterans and former POWs from the Huaihai Campaign,[43] several deficiencies hampered its ability during the battle. Initially the 9th Army was intended to be outfitted in Manchuria during November, but Mao suddenly ordered it into Korea before that could happen.[54] As the result, the 9th Army received almost no winter gear for the harsh Korean winter.[55] Similarly, poor logistics forced the 9th Army to abandon heavy artillery,[6][56] while working with little food and ammunition.[55] The food shortage forced the 9th Army to station a third of its strength away from the Chosin Reservoir,[57] and starvation and exposure soon broke out among the Chinese units as foraging was not an option at the sparsely populated reservoir.[55] By the end of the battle, more Chinese troops died from the cold than from combat and air raids.[58] As for the Chinese strength, it is normally assumed that the Chinese had 120,000 troops for the battle,[59] due to the fact that the 9th Army were composed of 12 divisions with a nominal strength of 10,000 men per division.[60] But during the course of the battle, the 9th Army employed only 10 divisions,[61] while all divisions were at 65 to 70 percent strength at the start of the battle.[62] Thus the actual Chinese strength for the battle was approximately 67,000.[7]
虽然第9兵团是一只由老兵和以前淮海战役的战俘组成的精锐部队，但有些缺陷妨碍了其作战能力。最初第9兵团打算于11月在满洲里进行整备，但毛在此之前突然命令它进入朝鲜。结果第9兵团几乎没有得到任何适应朝鲜寒冷冬天的装备。同样，极差的后勤保障迫使第9兵团丢弃了重炮，在缺乏食物和弹药的情况下作战。食物短缺迫使第9兵团三分之一的兵力远离长津湖，由于在人口稀少的湖区也无法得到补给，饥饿和冻伤随即在中国军队中爆发。到战斗结束时，死于寒冷的中国士兵比死于作战和空袭的还要多。至于中国军队的兵力，因为第9兵团由12个正式编制为10,000人的师组成，一般认为参战的中国士兵有120,000人。但在战斗过程中，第9兵团只部署了10个师，而所有的师在战斗开始时只有65～70%的兵力。所以中国实际参战兵力接近为67,000人。
3. Battle[edit]
3. 战斗过程
On the night of 27 November, the PVA 20th and 27th Corps of the 9th Army launched multiple attacks and ambushes along the road between the Chosin Reservoir and Koto-ri. At Yudam-ni, the 5th, 7th and 11th Marines were surrounded and attacked by the PVA 59th, 79th and 89th Division. Similarly, RCT-31 was isolated and ambushed at Sinhung-ni by the PVA 80th and the 81st Division. Caught by complete surprise, the UN forces were cut off at Yudam-ni, Sinhung-ni, Hagaru-ri and Kotor-ri by 28 November.[63] Finally, the PVA 60th Division surrounded elements of the 1st Marines at Kotor-ri from the north.[43]
在11月27日夜，志愿军第9兵团第20、27军发动了多起进攻，并沿长津湖至古土里的公路埋伏起来。在柳潭里，第5、第7和第11陆战团被志愿军第59师、第79师和第89师包围并受到攻击。同样，第31团级战斗队在新兴里被志愿军第80师和第81师分割并遭到伏击。最后，志愿军第60师从北面包围了古土里的第1陆战团的一些单位。到11月28日，联合国军被出乎意料地分割在柳潭里、新兴里、下碣隅里和古土里。
3.1 Actions at Yudam-ni[edit]
3.1 柳潭里的战斗
A group of soldiers climbing up a snow covered hill
一群士兵在攀爬积雪覆盖的山丘
Soldiers from the Chinese 79th Division moving to engage the Marines at Yudam-ni.
中国第79师的士兵正在行军去攻击柳潭里的海军陆战队。
Acting on Almond's instruction, Smith ordered the 5th Marines to attack west toward Mupyong-ni on 27 November.[64] The attack was soon stalled by the PVA 89th Division and forced the Marines to dig in on the ridges surrounding Yudam-ni.[65][66] As night came, three Chinese regiments of the 79th Division attacked the ridges on the north and northwest of Yudam-ni, hoping to annihilate the garrison in one stroke.[67] Close range fighting soon developed as the attackers infiltrated Marine positions,[68] but the 5th and 7th Marines held the line while inflicting heavy casualties to the Chinese.[69][70] As day broke on 28 November, the Chinese forces and the American defenders were locked in a stalemate around the Yudam-ni perimeter.[71]
11月27日，按照阿尔蒙德的指示，史密斯命令第5陆战团在向西面的武坪里发起攻击。攻击旋即被中国人民志愿军第89师阻截，迫使陆战队员在柳潭里周围的山脊上掘壕防守。到了晚上，中国第79师的3个团从北和东北方向对柳潭里的山脊发动了进攻，意图一举歼灭守军。攻击部队悄悄接近陆战队的阵地后近战随之展开，但第5和第7陆战团守住了防线并重创中国军队。11月28日拂晓时，中国军队和美国守军在柳潭里防御圈周围相持不下。
While the battle was underway at Yudam-ni, the PVA 59th Division blocked the road between Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri by attacking the defending Charlie and Fox Companies of the 7th Marines.[72] The successful assault forced Charlie Company to retreat into Yudam-ni which left Fox Company trapped in Toktong Pass, a vital pass that controlled the road.[73] On 29 November, several efforts by the 7th Marines failed to rescue Fox Company despite inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese.[74] Aided by artillery from Hagaru-ri and Marine Corsair fighters, Fox Company managed to hold out for five days while enduring constant attacks by the PVA 59th Division.[75]
在柳潭里开战的同时，志愿军第59师向第7陆战团的C连和F连发起了攻击，并封锁了柳潭里和下碣隅里之间的公路。这次成功的进攻迫使C连撤进柳潭里，于是只剩下F连被困在德洞山口，一个控制着公路的至关重要的山口。在11月29日，第7陆战团多次试图营救F连，尽管重创中国军队，但未能成功。在下碣隅里火炮和陆战队海盗式飞机的支援下，F连在遭到志愿军第59师持续不断的攻击下成功坚守了5天。
After the heavy losses suffered by the PVA 79th Division at Yudam-ni, 9th Army headquarters realized that the bulk of the 1st Marine Division was stationed at Yudam-ni, with a garrison strength that was double the initial estimate.[76] Believing that any further assaults would be futile, Song Shi-Lun ordered the 9th Army to switch their main attacks toward Sinhung-ni and Hagaru-ri,[76] leaving Yudam-ni alone from 28 November to 30 November.[77] At the same time, the US Eighth Army on the Korean western front was forced into full retreat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and MacArthur ordered Almond to withdraw the US X Corps to the port of Hungnam.[78] At the same time, the US Eighth Army on the Korean western front was forced into full retreat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and MacArthur ordered Almond to withdraw the US X Corps to the port of Hungnam.[78] At the same time, the US Eighth Army on the Korean western front was forced into full retreat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and MacArthur ordered Almond to withdraw the US X Corps to the port of Hungnam.[78] Faced with tough fighting between the blocking Chinese divisions and the withdrawing Marines, Smith remarked: "Retreat, hell! We're not retreating, we're just advancing in a different direction."[80]
志愿军第79师在柳潭里遭到重大损失之后，第9兵团指挥部认识到柳潭里驻扎的是第1陆战师的主力，其兵力是原来预计的两倍。确信继续进攻于事无补，宋时轮命令第9兵团从11月28日到30日放弃柳潭里，将主要攻击转向新兴里和下碣隅里。与此同时，在朝鲜西部前线的美国第8集团军在清川江战斗中被迫全线撤退，麦克阿瑟命令阿尔蒙德将美国第10军撤退到兴南港。按照阿尔蒙德和史密斯的指令，第5和第7陆战团指挥官，雷蒙德•L•默里中校和霍默•L•利曾伯格上校，于11月30日分别发出联合命令，从柳潭里向下碣隅里突围。面对中国阻击师与撤退中的陆战团即将到来的激烈战斗，史密斯宣称：“撤退，见鬼！我们不是在撤退，我们指是在另一个方向上进攻！”
For the breakout, the Marines formed into a convoy with a single M4A3 Sherman tank as the lead. The plan was to have 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (3/5) as the vanguard of the convoy, with three battalions covering the rear. At the same time, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) would attack towards Fox Company in order to open the road at Toktong Pass.[81] To start the breakout, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) had to first attack south and capture Hill 1542 and Hill 1419 in order to cover the road from Chinese attacks.[82] The breakout was carried out under the air cover of the 1st Marine Air Wing.[83]
为了突围，陆战队员编成了由仅有的一辆M4A3谢尔曼坦克打头阵的护卫队。计划由第5陆战团第3营作为护卫队的先头部队，用3个营掩护后翼。与此同时，第7陆战团第1营向F连方向攻击前进以打通德洞山口的道路。突围之前，为掩护公路免受中国军队袭击，第7陆战团第3营必须首先向南攻击占领1542高地和1419高地。在第1陆战航空联队的空中掩护下，突围开始了。
A line of soldiers on a hill under a boulder engaged in a battle
一队士兵在一个山顶巨石下参加战斗
Marines under the cover of a large boulder engaging the Chinese.
陆战队员在一块巨石的掩护下与中国军队交战
On the morning of 1 December, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) engaged the PVA 175th Regiment of the 59th Division at Hill 1542 and Hill 1419. The tenacious Chinese defenders soon forced the Marines to dig in on the slopes between the road and the peaks[84] when the convoy passed 3/7's position by the afternoon.[82] With Hagaru-ri still not captured, the PVA High Command scrambled the 79th Division to resume attacks on Yudam-ni while the 89th Division rushed south towards Koto-ri.[85] The Chinese struck at night, and the ferocious fighting forced the rear covering forces to call in night fighters to suppress the attacks.[86] The fighting lasted well into the morning of 2 December until all the Marines managed to withdraw from Yudam-ni.[86]
12月1日上午，第7陆战团第3营在1542高地和1419高地投入与志愿军第59师第175团的战斗。中国军队顽强的防守随即逼停了陆战队员，到下午护卫队通过7团3营的阵地时，他们仍然困在公路与山峰之间的山坡上。由于下碣隅里仍未攻取，志愿军高层急令第79师恢复对柳潭里的攻击，同时第89师向南面的古土里急进。中国军队在夜间发起攻击，猛烈的攻击使得后面的掩护部队招来了夜间战斗机来压制攻击势头。战斗一直持续到12月2日上午所有的陆战队员成功撤出柳潭里为止。
At the same time, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) also tried to break the Chinese blockade at Hill 1419 on 1 December. Despite being badly reduced by combat, hunger and frostbite, the PVA 59th Division sent in its last five platoons and refused to yield.[87] As night approached, 1/7 finally captured the peak and started to march through the hills on the east side of the road.[88] Relying on the element of surprise, 1/7 managed to destroy several Chinese positions along the road.[89] On the morning of 2 December, a joint attack by Fox Company and 1/7 secured the Toktong Pass, thus opening the road between Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri.[90]
与此同时，第7陆战团第1营在12月1日还在设法突破中国军队在1419高地的阻截。不顾严重的战斗伤亡，饥饿和严寒，志愿军投入最后5个排坚守不退。在夜幕降临前，第7陆战团1营最终攻占了顶峰，并开始穿过公路东侧山地前进。第7陆战团1营以出其不意的行动，成功第摧毁了数个公路沿线的中国防守阵地。在12月2日上午，F连和第7陆战团1营的联合攻击肃清了德洞山口，至此打通了柳潭里和下碣隅里之间的公路。
Although the road had been opened between Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri, the convoy still had to fight through the numerous Chinese positions on the hills overlooking the road. On the first night of the retreat, the Chinese struck the convoy in force and inflicted heavy casualties upon 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (3/5).[91] Although strong air cover suppressed most of the Chinese forces for the rest of the march, the cold weather, harassing fire, raiding parties, and road blocks slowed the retreat to a crawl while inflicting numerous casualties.[92] Despite those difficulties, the convoy reached Hagaru-ri in an orderly fashion on the afternoon of 3 December, with the withdrawal completed on 4 December.[93]
虽然柳潭里到下碣隅里的公路已经打通，护卫队仍然需要从众多俯瞰公路高地上的中国军队阵地中闯出路来。在撤退的第一个夜晚，大批的中国军队攻击了护卫队并重创了第5陆战团第3营。尽管在余下的行进过程中强大的空中掩护压制了大部分中国军队，寒冷的天气，骚扰火力，小股突袭和路障还是严重延缓了撤退并造成了许多伤亡。虽然困难重重，护卫队还是在12月3日下午井然有序地到达了下碣隅里，并在12月4日完成了撤离。
3.2 East of the reservoir[edit]
3.2 长津湖东侧
Main article: Task Force Faith
主条目：费斯特遣队
A Caucasian man with brown hair in a military uniform
一个身着军服棕色头发的高加索人
Lieutenant Colonel Don Carlos Faith, Jr. RCT-31 was later known as "Task Force Faith" due to his leadership.
小唐•卡洛斯•费斯中校。第31团级战斗队因受其领导，后来被称为“费斯特遣队”
Regimental Combat Team 31 (RCT-31), later known as "Task Force Faith", was a hastily formed regimental combat team from the 7th Infantry Division that guarded the right flank of the Marine advance towards Mupyong-ni. Before the battle, RCT-31 was spread thin with main elements separated on the hills north of Sinhung-ni, the inlet west of Sinhung-ni, and the town of Hudong-ni south of Sinhung-ni.[94] Although the Chinese believed RCT-31 to be a reinforced regiment,[76] the task force was actually under strength with one battalion missing, due to the bulk of the 7th Infantry Division being scattered over northeast Korea.[94]
第31团级战斗队（RCT-31)，后来被称为“费斯特遣队”，是为保护向武坪里进攻的海军陆战队右翼而由第7步兵师临时组建的团级战斗队。开战前，第31团级战斗队零散地分布着，其主要单位分别在新兴里北部山区，新兴里以西的入湖口和新兴里南面的后浦镇等不同的地方。虽然中国人坚信第31团级战斗队是一个加强团，但由于第7步兵师的主力在朝鲜东北部分散着，特遣队实际上缺了一个营的兵力。
On the night of 27 November, three regiments from the 80th Division attacked the northern hills and the inlets,[95] completely surprising the defenders.[96] The ensuing battle inflicted heavy casualties on the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry to the north of Sinhung-ni,[97] while the 57th Field Artillery Battalion and the 3rd Battalion, 31st Infantry were almost overrun at the inlet.[98] The Chinese also sent the 242nd Regiment of the 81st Division towards Hill 1221,[99] an undefended hill that controlled the road between Sinhung-ni and Hudong-ni.[100] As the night's fighting ended, RCT-31 was separated into three elements.[101]
在11月27日夜里，完全出乎守卫者的意料，第80师的3个团攻击了北部山区和入湖口地区。在接下来的战斗中，第32步兵团第1营在新兴里以北遭遇重大伤亡，同时在入湖口的第57野战炮营和第31步兵团第3营也几乎被击溃。中国军队将第81师第242团派往1221高地，这是个控制着新兴里和后浦之间公路的未设防高地。在夜里的战事结束时，第31团级特遣队已经被分割为三个部分。
Believing that the defenders were completely destroyed at the inlet, the Chinese stopped their attacks and proceeded to loot the US positions for food and clothing.[102] As the morning came on 28 November, the 3rd Battalion, 31st Infantry counterattacked the PVA 239th Regiment at the inlet, sending the surprised Chinese back in a complete rout.[102][103] In the afternoon, Almond flew into the perimeter of RCT-31, convinced that RCT-31 was strong enough to begin its attack north and deal with whatever "remnants" of Chinese forces that were in their way. Almond ordered Colonel Allan D. Maclean, the commander of RCT-31, to resume the offensive north while presenting Silver Stars to three of Maclean's officers. In disgust, Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith, Jr., the commander of the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry, threw his medal into the snow.[104]
由于相信入湖口守军已被消灭，中国人停下进攻开始抢夺美军阵地的食品和衣物。11月28日早晨到来的时候，第31步兵团第3营在入湖口对志愿军第239团实施了反击，回敬了惊慌失措的中国人一个彻底的溃败。下午的时候，阿尔蒙德飞到第31团级战斗队防御圈，并相信第31团级战斗队有足够的兵力开始向北进攻，并能击败任何他们遇到的中国军队“残部”。阿尔蒙德命令第31团级战斗队指挥官艾伦•D•麦克莱恩上校继续向北推进，并给麦克莱恩手下的三个军官颁发了银星奖章。第32步兵团第1营指挥官小唐•C•费斯中校厌恶地把他的奖章扔到了雪地里。
Soldiers charging into thick smoke
士兵们冲进浓烟中
Chinese troops assaulting Task Force Faith's position at Sinhung-ni.
中国军队正在进攻新兴里费斯特遣队的阵地
On the night of 28 November, the PVA 80th Division attacked again with three regiments.[105] At the inlet, the Chinese assault became a disaster as communications broke down while devastating fire from the anti-aircraft (AA) guns attached to the 57th Field Artillery Battalion swept the Chinese ranks.[106][107][g] In the aftermath of the fighting, the PVA 238th and the 239th Regiment together had less than 600 soldiers.[108] The attacks by PVA 240th Regiment, on the other hand, forced Maclean to order a retreat from the northern hills towards the inlet.[109] On 29 November, the 1st Battalion managed to break through the Chinese blockade and reached the inlet, but Maclean disappeared as he mistook some Chinese soldiers as American.[110][h] The Chinese finally stopped their attacks on the night of 29 November while waiting for fresh reinforcements.[111]
11月28日夜里，志愿军第80师以3个团重新进攻。在入湖口处，由于联络中断，中国人的进攻成为一场灾难，来自配属给第57野战炮营防空炮的压倒性火力成批地横扫了中国军队。在此后战斗以后，志愿军第238和第239团一共只剩下不到600名士兵。另一方面，由于志愿军第240团的进攻，麦克莱恩被迫下令从北部山区向入湖口撤退。11月29日，第1营成功突破中国人的封锁到达入湖口处，但麦克莱恩却因为误将一些中国士兵当成美国人而失踪。中国人最后在11月29日夜停止了进攻，等待新的增援部队。
While RCT-31 was under siege, Almond finally instructed the 1st Marine Division to rescue RCT-31 by breaking out of Yudam-ni—an impossible order for Smith to implement.[112] Only the 31st Tank Company tried to rescue RCT-31 by attacking Hill 1221,[113] but without infantry support, the two armored attacks on 28 and 29 November were stalled by slippery roads, rough terrain, and close infantry assaults.[114] By 30 November the US forces evacuated Hudong-ni in order to defend Hagaru-ri, leaving the rest of RCT-31 completely stranded.[115]
在第31团级战斗队遭到围攻时，阿尔蒙德最终命令第1陆战师从下碣隅里突围去营救第31团级战斗队--一个史密斯不可能完成的命令。只有第31团坦克连发动了对1221高地的攻击尝试营救第31团级战斗队，但由于没有步兵支援，28日和29日的两次装甲进攻均因道路湿滑，地形不利和受到步兵的近距离打击而受阻。到了11月30日，美军为防御下碣隅里从后浦撤出，第31团级战斗队的余部完全被困了。
On 30 November, Major General David G. Barr, the commander of the 7th Infantry Division, flew into the Sinhung-ni inlet and met with Faith, who by now had assumed command of RCT-31. Faith expressed the difficulties for a breakout, particularly the 500 wounded that RCT-31 had to carry.[116] On the same day, the PVA 94th Division[i] arrived as reinforcements for the 80th Division.[111] By midnight, four Chinese regiments renewed their attacks and Zhan Danan, the commander of the 80th Division, ordered the complete destruction of RCT-31 before dawn.[117] Again, the 57th Battalion's AA guns held the Chinese at bay,[118] but the shell supplies were running desperately low.[119] On the day of 1 December, Faith finally ordered RCT-31 to breakout from Sinhung-ni and withdraw to Hagaru-ri.[119]
11月30日，第7步兵师指挥官大卫•G•巴尔少将飞临新兴里入湖口，会见了目前成为第31团级战斗队指挥官的费斯。费斯表达了突围的困难，尤其是要携带31战斗队的500名伤员。在同一天，作为第80师增援部队的志愿军第94师到达战场。到了午夜，4个中国团重新发起进攻，第80师师长詹大南命令在拂晓前彻底歼灭第31团级战斗队。再一次，第57营的防空炮使得中国人陷入绝境，但炮弹也几乎用光了。在12月1日白天，费斯最终下令第31团级战斗队从新兴里突围撤向下碣隅里。
Soldiers watch a hill in front of them as aircraft drop bombs on it
士兵们注视着他们前面的一个高地，飞机正向那里投弹
Marines watch F4U Corsairs drop napalm on Chinese positions.
陆战队员观察F4&U海盗式飞机向中国军队阵地投掷凝固汽油弹
The breakout began as soon as the weather allowed the 1st Marine Air Wing to provide air cover on 1 December.[120] As the soldiers formed a convoy and tried to leave the perimeter, the PVA 241st Regiment immediately swarmed over the American forces,[121] with three other regiments closing in.[122] Left with no choice, the covering aircraft dropped napalm right in front of RCT-31, causing casualties among both Chinese and US troops.[123] The resulting firestorm wiped out the blocking Chinese company,[122] allowing the convoy to advance.[124] As the front of RCT-31 made their way forward, heavy small arms fire caused many members of the rear guard to seek shelter below the road instead of protecting the trucks.[124] Chinese fire also killed or wounded those already in the trucks as well as the drivers, who viewed the job as a form of suicide.[125] Slowly, the convoy approached a roadblock under Hill 1221 in the late afternoon.[126] Several parties tried to clear Hill 1221, but after taking part of the hill, the leaderless soldiers continued out onto the frozen reservoir instead of returning to the column.[127] As Faith led an assault on the roadblock, he was hit by a Chinese grenade and subsequently died of his wounds.[128] The convoy managed to fight past the first road block, but as it reached the second at Hudong-ni, RCT-31 disintegrated under Chinese attacks.[129] About 1,050 soldiers out of the original 2,500 managed to reach Hagaru-ri, and only 385 survivors were deemed able-bodied.[130] The remnants of RCT-31 were formed into a provisional army battalion for the rest of the battle.[131]
12月1日，一到天气允许第1陆战航空联队提供空中掩护，突围立即开始。在士兵们组成护卫队准备离开防御圈时，第241团立即蜂拥杀入美国军队，其他3个团也包抄过来。担任掩护的飞机不得不向31战斗队的前方不远处投掷凝固汽油弹，这对中美两军士兵都造成了伤亡。猛烈轰炸的结果扫平了阻击的中国连队，使得护卫队得以前进。在31战斗队的前锋夺路前进时，密集的轻武器火力使得许多后卫队士兵放弃保护卡车车队而到公路下边寻找掩护。中国军队的火力也打死打伤了卡车里的人，还包括那些把开车工作看成是自杀卡车司机们。护卫队在下午晚些时候渐渐靠近了1221高地下面的一个路障。几只小部队尝试清除1221高地，但在占领了一部分高地后，失去指挥的士兵们没有回到队伍中，而是一直逃向冰冻的湖面。在费斯亲自率队攻击路障时，他被中国军队的手榴弹击中，后来伤重不治。护卫队成功攻破第一个路障，但在到达位于后浦的第二个路障的时候，第31团级战斗队在中国军队的攻击下溃散了。原来2,500名士兵中的大约1,050人成功抵达下碣隅里，而只有385名生还者完好无损。第31团级战斗队的剩余人员被编成一个临时陆军营，参加了其后的战斗。
3.3 Actions at Hagaru-ri[edit]
3.3 下碣隅里战斗
A group of tents surrounded by grass
草地上的帐篷群
A Direct Air Support Center at Hagaru-ri.
下碣隅里的空中支援指挥中心
To support the Marine attack towards Mupyong-ni, Hagaru-ri became an important supply dump with an airfield under construction. Smith and 1st Marine Division headquarters were also located at Hagaru-ri.[63] With the bulk of the 1st Marine Division gathered at Yudam-ni, Hagaru-ri was lightly defended by two battalions from the 1st and 7th Marines, the rest of the garrison being composed of engineers and rear support units from both the Army and the Marine Corps.[132]
为了支援海军陆战队向武坪里的进攻，下碣隅里成为一个重要的补给站，还有一个正在修建的机场。史密斯和第1陆战师的指挥部也在下碣隅里。因为第1陆战师的主力集结在柳潭里，下碣隅里只有来自第1和第7陆战团2个营薄弱防御，驻军的其余部分由来自于陆军和海军陆战队的一些工兵和后勤支援单位组成。
The original Chinese plan called for the 58th Division to attack Hagaru-ri on the night of 27 November, but the division became lost in the countryside due to the outdated Japanese maps it used.[133] It was not until the dawn of 28 November that the 58th Division arrived at Hagaru-ri.[133] Meanwhile, from the fighting and ambushes that had occurred the previous night, the garrison at Hagaru-ri noticed the Chinese forces around them. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas L. Ridge, commander of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines (3/1), predicted the Chinese attack would come on the night of 28 November.[134] Almost everyone, including rear support units with little combat training, was pressed into the front line due to the manpower shortage,[135] and the entire perimeter was on full alert by 21:30.[136]
中国军队最初的计划要求第58师在11月27日夜里向下碣隅里发起攻击，但该师因其使用的过时日本地图在野外中迷路了。直到11月28日拂晓以后第58师才到达下碣隅里。同时，由于前一夜发生的战斗和伏击，下碣隅里的守军注意到了他们周围的中国军队。第1陆战团第3营指挥官托马斯•L•里奇预计，中国军队的进攻将在11月28日夜里到来。几乎所有的人，包括只有很少战斗训练的后勤部队，因为人员短缺都被推上前线并在21：30之前进入高度戒备状态。
It was not long before the PVA 173rd Regiment attacked the western and the southern perimeter, while the 172nd Regiment struck the hills on the northern perimeter.[137] Despite the preparations, the understrength garrison was overwhelmed, with the Chinese opening several gaps in the defenses and reaching the rear areas.[138] The resulting chaos, however, caused a breakdown in discipline among the Chinese soldiers, who began looting food and clothing instead of exploiting the situation.[139] The defending Americans managed to destroy the Chinese forces in counterattacks, while a breakdown of communications between the Chinese regiments allowed the gaps to close.[135] When the fighting stopped, the Chinese had only gained the East Hill on the northern perimeter.[135] Another attack was planned for the night of 29 November, but air raids by VMF-542 broke up the Chinese formations before it could be carried out.[140]
过了不久，志愿军第173团在防御圈的西侧和南侧发起攻击，第172团同时攻击了防御圈北侧的高地。尽管有所准备，兵力不足的阵地还是被突破了，中国军队在防御阵地上打开了几个缺口并到达阵地后方。但这却导致了混乱，起因是中国士兵中的纪律崩溃，他们开始哄抢食品和衣物而不是扩大战果。守卫的美国兵在反击中成功摧毁了中国军队，趁中国各团之间联络中断堵住了缺口。当战斗停止的时候，中国军队只得到了北部防御圈的东高地。另一次进攻计划在11月29日夜里，但在行动之前，集结的中国军队被陆战队第542夜间战斗机中队的空袭击垮。
A wounded man is carried by soldiers onto a helicopter
士兵们把一个伤员送到直升飞机上。
Wounded Marines evacuated by a helicopter from VMO-6.
由陆战队第6侦察中队的HO3S-1直升机撤出的陆战队伤员
Given the critical manpower shortage at Hagaru-ri, Smith ordered a task force to be sent north from Koto-ri to open the road south of Hagaru-ri.[141] In response, a task force was formed with 921 troops from the 41 Royal Marine Commando, G Company of the 1st Marines and B Company of the 31st Infantry.[142][143] The task force was dubbed "Task Force Drysdale" after its commander Lieutenant Colonel Douglas B. Drysdale, who also commanded 41 Commando.[142] On the afternoon of 29 November, Task Force Drysdale pushed north from Koto-ri while under constant attack from the PVA 60th Division.[144][145] The task force's harrowing experience later earned the road the nickname "Hell Fire Valley".[146] As the Chinese attacks dragged on, the task force became disorganized,[147] and a destroyed truck in the convoy later split the task force into two segments.[148] Although the lead segment of the task force fought its way into Hagaru-ri on the night of 29 November, the rear segment was destroyed.[149] Despite suffering 159 wounded and 162 dead and missing, the task force managed to bring in 300 badly needed infantrymen for the defense at Hagaru-ri.[143][150]
由于下碣隅里兵力的极其短缺，史密斯命令从古土里向北派出一个特遣队打通下碣隅里南方的道路。作为回应，一个包括第41皇家陆战突击队，第1陆战团G连和第31步兵团B连的921名士兵的特遣队组建起来。该特遣队因其指挥官为道格拉斯•B•德赖斯代尔而被称之为“德赖斯代尔特遣队”，他也是第41突击队的指挥官。在11月29日下午，德赖斯代尔特遣队在志愿军第60师的连续攻击下开始从古土里向北推进。特遣队之后的悲惨经历使这条公路赢得“地狱火山谷”的别称。随着中国军队攻击线的拉长，特遣队开始混乱起来，护卫队一辆被击毁的卡车后来把特遣队分割成两段。虽然特遣队的前半部分于打开道路11月29日夜里进入下碣隅里，但后半部分被歼灭了。尽管遭受159人负伤162人阵亡或失踪的损失，特遣队还是给下碣隅里的防御带来了300个急需的步兵。
As more reinforcements arrived from Hudong-ni on 30 November,[151] the garrisons attempted to recapture the East Hill. All efforts failed despite the destruction of a Chinese company.[152][153] When darkness settled, the PVA 58th Division gathered its remaining 1,500 soldiers in a last-ditch attempt to capture Hagaru-ri.[154] The reinforced defenders annihilated most of the attacking forces, with only the defences around the East Hill giving way.[155] As the Chinese tried to advance from the East Hill, they were cut down by the 31st Tank Company.[156]
由于更多来自后浦的增援在11月30日到达，守军企图夺回东高地。尽管摧毁了一个中国连，但所有努力全都失败了。当夜幕降临，第58师集结了剩下的1,500名士兵为夺取下碣隅里做最后一搏。增强了的守军消灭了大部分的进攻部队，只剩下东高地周围的阵地没被控制。当中国军队尝试从东高地推进时，他们被第31步兵团坦克连击败。
By 1 December, the PVA 58th Division was virtually destroyed,[157] with the remainder waiting for reinforcements from the 26th Corps of the 9th Army.[158][159] But much to the frustration of Song Shi-Lun, the 26th Corps did not arrive before the Marines broke out of Yudam-ni.[10] The airfield was opened to traffic on 1 December, allowing UN forces to bring in reinforcements and to evacuate the dead and the wounded.[160] With the Marines at Yudam-ni completing their withdrawal on 4 December, the trapped UN forces could finally start their breakout towards the port of Hungnam.
到12月1日，志愿军第58师实际上已经被摧毁，其残部在等待第9兵团第26军的增援。但让宋时轮最感到失败的，就是第26军没有在陆战队员从柳潭里突围之前到达。机场在12月1日建成通航，联合国军得以获得增援以及撤走死者和伤员。随着柳潭里的陆战队员于12月4日完成撤离，被围的联合国军终于可以开始他们向兴南港的突围了。
3.4 Breakout[edit]
3.4 突围
A map showing the withdrawal of a military force south along a river
显示一支部队沿一条河向南撤退的地图
Map of the Retreat from the Changjin (Chosin) Reservoir.
长津湖撤退地图
After a short period of rest, the breakout began on 6 December with the 7th Marines as the vanguard of the retreating column while the 5th Marines covered the rear.[161] At the same time, the much-delayed PVA 26th Corps arrived at Hagaru-ri with its 76th and 77th Division relieving the 58th and 60th Divisions.[162] As the 7th Marines pushed aside the PVA 76th Division south of Hagaru-ri, the 5th Marines took over the Hagaru-ri perimeter and recaptured the East Hill from the 76th Division.[163][164] In a last effort to stop the breakout,[163] the customary Chinese night attack returned with the 76th and 77th Division striking the Hagaru-ri perimeter from all directions.[158] The Marines repulsed the Chinese attacks, inflicting heavy casualties.[165]
经过短暂的休息，12月6日开始突围，第7陆战团作为撤退部队的前锋，第5陆战团在后面掩护。与此同时，姗姗来迟的第26军抵达下碣隅里，其第76和第77师替换了第58和第60师。在第7陆战团在下碣隅里南面向第76师推进时，第5陆战团接管了防御圈并从第76师手中夺回了东高地。为阻止突围而做的最后努力中，中国军队又恢复了惯用的夜间攻击，第76和第77师对下碣隅里防御圈进行了全面进攻。陆战队员击退了中国军队的进攻并给予了重大杀伤。
Meanwhile, the 7th Marines opened the road between Hagaru-ri and Koto-ri by capturing the high ground surrounding the road. But as soon as the Marines pulled out, the 77th Division returned to the peaks and attacked the column.[166][167] Chaotic fighting broke out within the column and the retreat was slowed to a crawl.[168] The Marine night fighters, however, returned to subdue the Chinese forces,[167] and the fighting destroyed most of the blocking troops.[169] On 7 December, the rest of the column managed to reach Koto-ri with little difficulty with the last elements arrived at Koto-ri that night.[170]
同时，第7陆战团夺取了公路周围的高地，打通了下碣隅里和古土里之间的公路。但只要陆战队员一离开，第77师立即回到两侧山峰并攻击撤退队伍。混战在队伍中爆发，撤退进展极其缓慢。海军陆战队的夜间战斗机恢复了对中国军队的压制，战斗中大部分阻击部队被摧毁。12月7日，余下的队伍成功轻松抵达古土里，最后面的单位也在当夜到达。
After the failure of the 26th Corps at Hagaru-ri, the PVA High Command ordered the 26th and the 27th Corps to chase the escaping UN force with the 20th Corps blocking the escape route.[169][171] But with most of the 20th Corps destroyed at Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri, the only forces between Koto-ri and Hungnam were the remnants of the 58th and the 60th Divisions.[172] In desperation, Song Shi-Lun ordered these troops to dig in at Funchilin Pass while blowing up the vital treadway bridge, hoping the terrain and obstacles would allow the 26th and the 27th Corps to catch up with the retreating UN forces.[10][172] The PVA 180th Regiment that occupied Hill 1081 blew up the original concrete bridge and two improvised replacements in succession, believing the bridge was rendered irreparable.[173][174] In response, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines (1/1) attacked Hill 1081 from the south, and the hill was captured on 9 December after the defenders fought to the last man.[175] At the same time, the 7th Marines and RCT-31 attacked the treadway bridge from the north, only to encounter defenders that were already frozen in their foxholes.[176]
下碣隅里的第26军失败后，志愿军高层命令第26军和第27军追击逃跑的联合国军，第20军堵截逃跑路线。但由于第20军大部已经在柳潭里和下碣隅里被摧毁，在古土里与兴南之间的部队只有第58和第60师残部。绝望中，宋时轮命令这些部队在黄草岭山口筑壕据守，同时炸掉至关重要的车辙桥，希望这些地形因素和障碍能让第26军和第27军赶上撤退的联合国军。占据1081高地的志愿军第180团连续炸毁了原来的水泥桥和两个临时替代桥，确信其无法修复。作为回应，第1陆战团第1营从南面攻击1081高地，并于12月9日在守军战斗到最后一人后成功占领了该高地。与此同时，第7陆战团和第31团级战斗队从北面进攻车辙桥，只遭遇到已经冻僵在散兵坑中的防御者。
A line of soldiers walking past a destroyed tank
一队士兵走过一辆被摧毁的坦克
A patrol from US 3rd Infantry Division’s Task Force Dog moves into Funchilin Pass on 9 December.
一个美军第3步兵师道格特遣队的巡逻队于12月9日进入黄草岭山口
With the path to Hungnam blocked at Funchilin Pass, eight C-119 Flying Boxcars flown by the US 314th Troop Carrier Wing were used to drop portable bridge sections by parachute.[177][178] The bridge, consisting of eight separate 18 ft (5.5 m) long, 2,900 lb (1,300 kg) sections, was dropped one section at a time, using a 48 ft (15 m) parachute on each section.[179] Four of these sections, together with additional wooden extensions were successfully reassembled into a replacement bridge by Marine Corps combat engineers and the US Army 58th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company on 9 December, enabling UN forces to proceed.[180] Outmaneuvered, the PVA 58th and 60th Divisions still tried to slow the UN advance with ambushes and raids, but after weeks of non-stop fighting, the two Chinese divisions combined had only 200 soldiers left.[181] The last UN forces left Funchilin Pass by 11 December.[182]
由于通向兴南的道路在黄草岭山口被截断，美国第314军事运输机联队的8架C-119运输机被用来伞降便携桥组件。便携桥包括8个独立的18英尺（5.5米）长，2,900磅（1,300公斤）的组件，每个组件使用一个48英尺（15米）降落伞，每次空投一个组件。海军陆战队的工兵们和美国陆军第58工兵舟桥连在12月9日将其中的4套组件及附带的木质附件组装成一座临时桥，使联合国军得以通过。难以想象的是，志愿军第58师和第60师仍然发动伏击和突袭试图阻滞联合国军的推进，但经过几周的连续作战，这两个中国师加起来也只剩下200名士兵了。最后一支联合国军部队于12月11日离开了黄草岭山口。
One of the last engagements during the withdrawal was an ambush at Sudong by the pursuing PVA 89th Division,[181] which Task Force Dog of the 3rd Infantry Division repulsed with little difficulty.[183] The trapped UN forces finally reached the Hungnam perimeter by 21:00 on 11 December.[184]
撤退过程中最后战斗之一是追击的志愿军第89师在水洞的一次伏击，被第3步兵师的道格特遣队轻松击退。被围联合国军部队最终于12月11日21时0分抵达兴南防御圈。
3.5 Evacuation at Hungnam[edit]
3.5 兴南撤退
A warship observes as a port explodes in the background
一艘战舰在观察背景上的港口爆破
The U.S. Navy high-speed transport USS Begor (APD-127) observes the destruction of Hungnam's port facilities on 24 December 1950.
1950年12月24日美国海军高速运输舰比戈号（APD-127）观察销毁兴南的港口设施。
The U.S. Navy heavy cruiser USS Saint Paul (CA-73) fires her 8-inch (203-mm) guns at Chinese troops threatening the evacuation from Hungnam in December 1950.
1950年12月美国海军重型巡洋舰圣•保罗号（CA-73）使用8英寸（203毫米）舰炮轰击威胁兴南港撤退的中国军队。
By the time the UN forces arrived at Hungnam, MacArthur had already ordered the evacuation of the US X Corps on 8 December in order to reinforce the US Eighth Army, which by then was badly depleted and retreating rapidly towards the 38th parallel.[185][186] Following his orders, the ROK I Corps, the ROK 1st Marine Regiment, the US 3rd Infantry Division and the US 7th Infantry Division had also set up defensive positions around the port.[187] Some skirmishes broke out between the defending US 7th, 17th and 65th Infantry and the pursuing PVA 27th Corps,[188] but against the strong naval fire support provided by US Navy Task Force 90, the badly mauled 9th Army was in no shape to approach the Hungnam perimeter.[186][189] In what US historians called the "greatest evacuation movement by sea in US military history",[190] a 193-ship armada assembled at the port and evacuated not only the UN troops, but also their heavy equipment and roughly a third of the Korean refugees.[191] One Victory ship, the SS Meredith Victory evacuated 14,000 refugees. The last UN unit left at 14:36 on 24 December, and the port was destroyed to deny its use to the Chinese and North Korean forces.[190] The PVA 27th Corps entered Hungnam on the morning of 25 December.[192]
在联合国军到达兴南之前，麦克阿瑟已经在12月8日命令撤走美国第10军，以增援那时已精疲力竭并快速撤向38线的美国第8集团军。按照他的命令，韩国第1军，韩国第1陆战团，美国第3步兵师和美国第7步兵师已经在港口周围布置了防御阵地。一些小规模的战斗发生在美国第7，第17和第65步兵团与追击的志愿军第27军之间，但已经被重创的第9兵团面对来自美国海军第90特遣舰队的强大海上火力，根本无法靠近兴南防御圈。在被美国历史学家称为“美国军事史上最伟大的海上撤退行动”中，一个有193艘船只的舰队在港口组成，不仅撤走了联合国军士兵，也包括他们的重装备，还有大约三分之一的朝鲜难民。一艘胜利轮， SS梅雷迪思号胜利轮撤走了14,000名难民。最后一个联合国军单位在12月24日14时36分离开，为防止中国和北朝鲜军队使用，港口被摧毁。志愿军第27军在12月25日上午进入兴南。
4. Aftermath[edit]
4. 后续影响
...Casualties had reached a 40,000 high. The Central [Government] expresses its deepest sorrow...
...伤亡达到40,000之多。中央（政府）极为怀念...
Mao Zedong[11][193][j]
毛泽东
While the US X Corps was being evacuated from the eastern front, the US Eighth Army had already retreated to the 38th parallel on the western front in the aftermath of the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. With the entire UN front collapsing, the race to the Yalu was ended with the communist forces of China recapturing much of North Korea.[13] The Korean War would drag on for another two and a half years before the armistice was signed on 27 July 1953.[13] Besides the loss of North Korea, the US X Corps and the ROK I Corps later reported a total of 10,495 battle casualties, of which 4,385 were from the US Marines, 3,163 were from the US Army, 78 were from the British Royal Marines and 2,812 were from South Koreans attached to American formations.[194] Outside of the combat losses, the 1st Marine Division also reported 7,338 non-battle casualties due to the cold weather.[195]
美国第10军从东部前线撤离的时候，美国第8集团军已经在清川江战役之后从西部前线撤向38线。由于联合国军全线收缩，中共军队夺回了北朝鲜的大部，向鸭绿江的急进亦告结束。朝鲜战争又拖延了两年半时间，直到1953年7月27日签署停战协议。除了北朝鲜的损失，美国第10军和韩国第1军后来报告的战斗伤亡总共为10,495人，其中4,385人来自美国海军陆战队，3,163人来自美国陆军，78人来自英国皇家海军陆战队，2,812人来自附编于美军的韩国补充兵。在战斗损失之外，第1陆战师还报告了寒冷天气引起的7,338人非战斗伤亡。
Despite the losses, the US X Corps preserved much of its strength.[196] About 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies were shipped from Hungnam to Pusan,[191] and they would later rejoin the war effort in Korea. Smith was credited for saving the US X Corps from destruction,[197] while the 1st Marine Division, the 41 Royal Marine Commando and the Army's RCT-31 were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their tenacity during the battle.[198][199][200] Fourteen Marines, two Soldiers and one Navy pilot received the Medal of Honor, and all of the UN troops that served at Chosin were later honored with the nickname "The Chosin Few".[198][201] On 15 September 2010, the Veterans of the Korean War Chosin Reservoir Battle memorial was unveiled by the United States Marine Corps Commandant General James T. Conway at Camp Pendleton.[202]
尽管遭受了损失，美国第10军依然保住了大部分兵力。大约105,000名士兵，98,000名平民，17,500辆车辆，和350,000吨补给从兴南船运到釜山，他们后来在朝鲜重新加入战争。史密斯被认为拯救了第10军免遭摧毁，第1海军陆战师，第41皇家陆战突击队和陆军第31团级战斗队因在作战中的顽强表现获得总统集体嘉奖。14名陆战队员，2名陆军士兵和1名海军飞行员获得荣誉勋章，所有在长津服役的联合国军士兵后来荣获“长津精英”的美誉。2010年9月15日，朝鲜战争长津湖之战退伍军人纪念碑在彭德尔顿军营由美国海军陆战队指挥官詹姆斯•T•康韦将军揭幕。
China was also catapulted into the status of a major military power following the victory at Chosin,[203] but the victory came with a staggering cost. With the escape of the US X Corps and the ROK I Corps, Mao's vision for Chosin was not realized, and the failure caused Song Shi-Lun to offer his resignation.[204] At the same time, heavy casualties caused by both combat and poor logistical support destroyed much of the eight elite divisions under the 20th and the 27th Corps. Of those eight divisions, two divisions were forced to disband,[205] and not until March 1951 did the 9th Army return to its normal strength and become combat effective.[2][206] With the absence of nearly 40 percent of the Chinese forces in Korea in early 1951, the heavy Chinese losses at Chosin ultimately enabled the UN forces to maintain a foothold in Korea.[2]
在长津的胜利为中国赢得了重要军事强国的地位，但这胜利来自巨大的代价。随着美国第十军和韩国第1军的逃离，毛的长津设想没有实现，其失利导致宋时轮提出辞呈。同时，作战和极差的后勤保障导致的严重伤亡摧毁了第20和第27军所属的8个精锐师大部。这8个师中，2个师被迫解散，并且直到1951年3月第9兵团才恢复其常规兵力并形成有效战力。在1951年初由于在朝鲜的中国军队有近40%缺额，中国军队在长津的重大损失最终使联合国军部队在朝鲜站稳了脚跟。
4.1 Operation Glory[edit]
4.1 光荣行动
During the battle, UN casualties were buried at temporary grave sites along the road. Operation Glory took place from July to November 1954, during which the dead of each side were exchanged. The remains of 4,167 US Soldiers and Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean and Chinese dead. In addition, 546 civilians who died in UN prisoner of war camps were turned over to the South Korean government.[207] After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. According to a Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) white paper, 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans, of which 858 proved to be correct.[208] The 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals, of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans, with all but 416 identified by name. Of the 239 Korean War unaccounted for, 186 are not associated with the Punchbowl unknowns.[k] From 1990 to 1994 North Korea excavated and returned more than 208 sets of remains which possibly include 200 to 400 US servicemen, but very few have been identified due to the co-mingling of remains.[209] From 2001 to 2005, more remains were recovered from the Chosin Battle site, and around 220 were recovered near the Chinese border between 1996 to 2006.[210][211]
在作战期间，联合国军阵亡者被埋葬在公路沿线的临时墓地。光荣行动在1954年7月到11月进行，期间交换了各方死者。4,167名美国陆军士兵和陆战队员遗骸交换了13,528名北朝鲜和中国死者。另外，546名死于联合国军战俘营的平民被转交给韩国政府。光荣行动之后，416名姓名不详者被安葬在太平洋国家纪念公墓。按照国防部战俘和失踪人员办公室的一份白皮书，在光荣行动期间中国人和北朝鲜人还转交了1,394个名字，其中858名得到证实。被归还的4,167个遗体被发现属于4,219人，其中2,944人是美国人，所有遗体中有416人确定了姓名。在239名朝鲜战争下落不明人员中，有186人与太平洋公墓中未知姓名者无关。从1990年到1994年，北朝鲜挖掘并送还了超过208具遗骸，这些可能属于200到400名美国军人，但因为遗体被混合存放，只有很少部分被鉴别出来。从2001年到2005年，从长津战役墓地发现更多的遗骸，1996年到2006年在中国边界附近找到了大约220个遗骸。
